bahasa inggris

3. ANNOYANCE

A. Definition of Annoyance
Annoyance is an unpleasant mental state that is characterized by such effects as irritation and distraction from one's conscious thinking. It can lead to emotions such as frustration and anger. The property of being easily annoyed is called petulance, and something which annoys is called a nuisance.
Various reasons exist for why one finds particular stimuli annoying. Measurement of annoyance is highly subjective. As an attempt at measurement, psychological studies on annoyance often rely on their subjects' own ratings of levels of annoyance on a scale. Many stimuli that one is at first neutral to, or even finds pleasant, can turn into annoyances from repeated continued exposure. One can often encounter this phenomenon with such media as popular music, Memes, commercials, and advertising jingles, which by their very nature are continually repeated over a period of weeks or months.

B. Expressing of Annoyance

There are some other expressions you can use to show your annoyance.
In Formal Situations In Informal Situations
I’m extremely displeased with… … really makes me mad.
… is very irritating. I can’t stand…
I’m extremely unhappy about this. Why on earth he didn’t…?

And :
Expressing annoyance
• I need a break. - Oh dear!
• I’m losing my mind. - What a nuisance.
• I’m a bundle of nerves. - How irritating.
• I can’t take it anymore. - I’m very annoyed.
• Gosh…what is this? - It really makes me angry.
• I’m so scared. - It annoys me.
• I was terrified. - It irritates me.
• You frightened me. - I really hate….
• I’m frightened. - What an idiot.
• Oh,no! - I’m fed up with…

Reducing someone’s annoyance :
 Relax. - Don’t be such a worrywart.
 Take it slow. - Don’t be scared.
 Take it easy. - Don’t trouble tourself.
 Calm down. - Don’t be frightened.
 Control yourself.
C. Dialogue about Annoyance

Denias : Hi Anita. What are you doing?
Anita : Hi, I’m looking for Mr. Sanusi. I need his signature for my scholarship application.
Denias : Do you get the scholarship?
Anita : Yes, after a long process of selection, the school decides to give me and Virga the scholarship.
Denias : Congratulations. You must be very happy.
Anita : Yes, I’m very happy. But, you know it makes me mad. I have to submit all the document today. The committee told me that only this morning.
Denias : I understand that’s not easy. Anyway, what do you think of the scholarship?
Anita : It really help us. I’m happy with this.
Denias : I see. Do you know that the Chinese government will provide free education for poor student?
Anita : Really? Never heard about that before.
Denias : I think our government should also do the same. You know, around 17% of Indonesian people are poor.
Anita : Many parents also think that it’s better for their children to work and earn money than to go to school. I think free education for poor student could help poor people improve their life.
Denias : Yes, you’re right.
Anita : Oh, Mr. Sanusi is coming. I’ve got to see him.
Denias : I’ve got to go too. Bye.
Anita : See you later.

bahasa inggris

2. ANGER

A. Definition of Anger
Anger is defined as a strong feeling of displeasure or hostility. Anger is mostly caused by something that you hate, or something done that you hate. An example of anger may be when your younger sibling messes with your things after you have told them countless times not to come in your room.
Another example may be if a teacher gives you a bad grade even though you stayed you all night studying. Even though these examples seem unimportant and temporary, some types of anger may last for years. An example of this may be if your brother stole your girlfriend. You may stay mad at your brother for years, yet with some help, you stop being angry, and start living a happy life again. From our research, we found that there are four steps to deal with anger.
The first step is to be aware of how you express anger. You may clench your teeth, raise your voice, or show a red face. In the second step, you have to make sure that you are physically and mentally safe from yourself. This is because some people enjoy throwing things around or banging there head against a wall. This is not healthy, you will take your anger and turn it into physical pain. The third step is to know what causes your anger. Some people get mad because of a dispute, discrimination.



B. Expressing of Anger
There are some other expressions you can use to show that you are angry, such as :
In Formal Situations In Informal Situations
I really hate… I can’t stand……
I’m extremely un happy about this. What displeasure!
I’m not pleased at all. Bloody hell!

Asking if someone is angry
 What’s the matter ?
 What happened ?
 What do you look so insulted about ?
 Why are you acting so insulted ?
 Did I insult you ?
 Are you angry about something ?
 Are you angry with me ?
 Whar are you so angry about ?

Calming someone down
 Relax. - Maybe you’re a little too sensitive about.
 Take it slow. - Don’t be so touchy’
 Take it easy. - Don’t be angry with me.
 Calm down. - Temper,temper.
 Control yourself. - Let’s try to hold our temper.
 Don’t be such a worrywart. - Don’t get hut under the collar.
 Don’t trouble yourself. - Getting angry won’t help.
 Don’t let it brother you.


C. Dialogue about Anger

Virga : Hi Denias. Do you know what has happened to Adib?
He’s been sacked. He is no longer the student of our school.
Denias : Adib Ismawan? The one who always wears black jacket?
Virga : Yes.
Denias : Oh. Once, he put rubbish in my locker and some pebbles into my bag.
Virga : He did? What a naughty boy. You know, he put a stown inside my bag and I din’t know when he did it.
Denias : What did you do then?
Virga : I reported it to the school principal.
Denias : What happened then?
Virga : He was punished.
Denias : He deserved harsh punisments.
Virga : Yes, he did.

bahasa inggris

EXPLANATION

1. EMBARRASSMENT

A. Definition of Embarrassment
Embarrassment is an emotional state experienced upon having a socially or professionally unacceptable act or condition witnessed by or revealed to others. Usually some amount of loss of honour or dignity is involved, but how much and the type depends on the embarrassing situation. It is similar to shame, except that shame may be experienced for an act known only to oneself. Also, embarrassment usually carries the connotation of being caused by an act that is merely socially unacceptable, rather than morally wrong.
There are two main forms of embarrassment, including professional and personal. Each one has distinctive, but similar characteristics.
Professional
Professional embarrassment or official embarrassment is defined by a lack of confidence in actions taken or the deliberate ignoring of evidence in work. When this involves embarrassment at work or on official business, this may have come as a result of the loss of materials, money or even life.
Personal
Embarrassment can be more personal. In this case the person can have unwanted intrusion into their personal affairs or mistakes. Their character may even be questioned by others, especially when the embarrassment is as a result of such actions a lying, losing a competition, burping, passing wind or being caught in the act of sex. In some cultures, incorrect forms of dress are considered embarrassing.
B. Expressing of Embarrassment
There are some other expressions to show embarrassment, such as :
In Formal Situations In Informal Situations
What an embarrassment! What a shame!
I must say that it’s an embarrassment. It’s my embarrassment to …
That’s a real embarrassment. I was so ashamed.
And :
• It really makes me ashamed.
• I was very embarrassed.
• How embarrassing.
• Tell me it never happened.
• Tell me it didn’t happen.
• I was so embarrassed.

C. Dialogue about Embarrassment

Example dialogue :

Andi : Hi, Retno. I watched your performance last night. You’re great. You can be a great actress.
Retno : Really? Thanks. Actually I wasn’t that great.
Andi : What are you talking about? You did it very well.
Retno : Actually, I can’t do any play.
Andi : Why? I think your performance was great. Your acting in the play was just great.
Retno : It wasn’t me. It’s my twin sister, Ratna.
Andi : Really? I thought it was you. I’m sorry.
Retno : That’s fine.
Andi : No. It embarrasses me.
Retno : That’s all right. We are identical twins.

bahasa inggris

BAB 3 HORTATORY EXPOSITION
A. DEFINITION OF HORTATORY EXPOSITION
A Hortatory exposition is a type of spoken or written text that is intended to explain the listeners or readers that something should or should not happen or be done. To strengthen the explanation, the speaker or writer needs some arguments as the fundamental reasons of the given idea. In other words, this kind of text can be called as argumentation. Hortatory exposition text can be found in scientific books, journals, magazines, newspaper articles, academic speech or lectures, research report etc. Hortatory expositions are popular among science, academic community and educated people.
A. PURPOSE OF HORTATORY EXPOSITION
The purpose of hortatory exposition text is to argue for or against a particular position or point of view and it propose a suggestion at the argumentation and to persuade the readers or listeners that something should or should not be the case.

B. GENERIC STRUCTURE OF HORTATORY EXPOSOTION
1. Thesis : Statement or announcement of issue concern.
2. Arguments : Reasons for concern that will lead to recommendation.
3. Recommendation : Statement of what should or should not happen or be done based on the given arguments.
Example Corruption
Thesis
(Announcement of issue concern)
Do you know what the meaning of corruption is? What is the relation between money and corruption? Well, corruption is common everywhere in the world, even in the United States. It’s just a matter of intensity. However, it is quite shocking when one reliable survey claims Jakarta as the most corrupt place in Indonesia.


Argument 1
The survey has made me sad, actually, because I stay and earn a living here in the capital. As most people know, Tanjung Priok port smuggling is not a new thing at all. Entrepreneurs who want to minimize their tax payments tend to do such a thing more often. They even bribe the officials.

Argument 2
Well, I think the measures taken so far to overcome the problem by punishing the corruptors is still not far enough. We have to prevent the younger generations from getting a bad mentality caused by corruption.

Recommendation
I believe we should start at the earliest stages in school and I think everyone should be involved in the effort to eradicate corruption. We must not make any distinction.
Adapted from: The Jakarta Post, February 2005


C. GENERIC FEATURES OF HORTATORY EXPOSITION
1. Hortatory exposition focuses on generic human and non human participants, except for speaker or writer referring to self.
2. 2.It uses mental processes. It is used to state what the writer or speaker thinks or feels about something. For example: realize, feel etc.
3. It often needs material processes. It is used to state what happens, e.g. ….has polluted… etc.
4. It usually uses Simple Present Tense and Present Perfect Tense.
5.Enumeration is sometimes necessary to show the list of given arguments: Firstly, secondly …, Finally, etc.
D. LANGUAGE FEATURE OF HORTATORY EXPOSITION
1. Focusing on the writer
2. Using abstract noun; policy, advantage, etc
3. Using action verb
4. Using thinking verb
5. Using modal adverb; certainly, surely, etc
6. Using temporal connective; firstly, secondly, etc
7. Using evaluative words; important, valuable, trustworthy, etc
8. Using passive voice
9. Using simple present tense

E. Read the other examples:
Hortatory Exposition
• Text Types in Non-Fiction Writing
• Accessory for Vehicle Front Section
• Example of Hortatory Text about Proposing Gesang as National Hero
• Example of Hortatory Text in Tourism Benefit on Local People
• Example of Hortatory Text in Letter to Editor
• Text Types in Three Main Genres
• Should not Bring Mobile Phone to School; a Hortatory Text Sample
• NEVER TRY SMOKING; a Hortatory Sample
• Hortatory Example in Wearing Helmet
• Reading Hortatory Text
• Hortatory Example in Public Awareness
• Example of Hortatory Exposition in Watching TV
• More Dust Bins is Cleaner; example of hortatory
• Where should be after High School?; a hortatory text
• TEXT TYPES; a complete overview
• Millions from Property Market; a hortatory exposition text
• Removing Lead from Petrol; a hortatory exposition text
F. EXAMPLE OF HORTATORY EXPOSITION
“REMOVING LEAD FROM PETROL”
In all the discussion over the removal of lead from petrol (and the atmosphere) there doesn't seem to have been any mention of the difference between driving in the city and the country.
While I realize my leaded petrol car is polluting the air wherever I drive, I feel that when you travel through the country, where you only see the another car every five to ten minutes, the problem is not as severe as when traffic is concentrated on city roads.
Those who want to penalize older, leaded petrol vehicles and their owners don't seem to appreciate that, in the country, there is no public transport to fall back upon and one's own vehicle is the only way to get about.
I feel that the country people, who often have to travel huge distances to the nearest town and who already spend a great deal of money on petrol, should be treated differently to the people who live in the city.

bahasa inggris

BAB 2 SPOOF
A. DEFINITION OF SPOOF
Spoof is a type of story which has a twist (funny part in the end of the story). It contains an unpredictable event which makes the story funny. The main character of twist in a funny story shold be unpredictable and funny. It consists of the following element.
• The beginning of the story. It contains the introduction of characters and the setting of the story.
• Series of events. It contains what happen to the characters
• Twist. It contains unpredictable funny ending of the story.
B. PURPOSE OF SPOOF
The social purpose of this type of the is entertaining readers using twist (unpredictable funny ending).
C. EXAMPLE OF SPOOF
“Penguin in the Park”
Once, a man was walking in a park when he came across a penguin. He took him to a policeman and said, “I have just found this penguin. What should I do?” The policeman replied, “take him to the zoo” The next day the policeman saw the same in the same park, and the man was still carrying the penguin with him.
The policeman was rather surprised and walked up to the man and asked. “Why are you still carrying that penguin about? Didn’t you take t to the zoo?” ‘I certainly did,’ replied the man. “And it was a great idea because he really enjoyed it, so today I’m taking him to the movies!

bahasa inggris

BAB 1 NARRATIVE TEXTS
A. DEFINITION OF NARRATIVE TEXT
Narrative is a story with the social purpose of this type of text is entertaining because they deal with the unusual and unexpected development of events. It also instruct because they teach readers and listeners that problems patterns of behavior that are generally highly valued.
B. PURPOSE OF NARRATIVE TEXT
To amuse, entertain, and deal with actual or vicarious experiences in different ways ; narrative deal with problematic event lead to a crisis or turning point of some kind, which in turn finds a resolution.
C. GENERIC STRUCTURE:
• Orientation : sets the scene and introduces the participant
• Evaluation : a stepping back to evaluate the plight
• Complication : a crisis arises
• Resolution : the crisis is resolved, for better or for worse
• Re-orientation : optimal
D. LANGUAGE FEATURE:
• Focus on specific and usually individualized participants
• Use of material, behavioural, and verbal processes
• Use of relational and mental processes
• Use of temporal conjunctions and temporal circumstances
• Use of past tenses
E. KINDS OF NARRATIVE TEXT
1. Fable : moral stories, unusually about animals, making them seem
like human beings.
2. Legend : stories from the past wich may not be based on fact.
3. Folk tale : traditional stories passed down from one generation to the
next
4. Fairy tale : childre’s stories about faries, princesse, giants, etc.

F. PARTS OF NARRATIVE TEXT
Stories of several parts. They are the beginning, the problem that occurred, how the problem was solved, and ending of the story.
• The beginning of the story has the function of introducing the characters of the story, where and when the story occurred. This part of the story is called orientation.
• How the problem starts until its crisis point (climax) of the problem, in which the characters have to face is called the complication.
• How the problem is solved or ended is called the resolution.
• The ending of story which may consist of closing remark to the story, moral lesson, advice or teaching from the writer is called re-orentation. However, this part of the story of optinal. You may or may not find it in a stor.
G. EXAMPLE OF NARRATIVE TEXT
“SNOW WHITE”
Once upon a time there lived a little girl named Snow White. She lived with her aunt and uncle because her parents were dead.
One day she heard her uncle and aunt talking about leaving Snow White in the castle because they both wanted to go to America and they didn’t have enough money to take Snow White.
Snow White didn’t want her uncle and aunt to do this so she decided it would be best if she ran away. The next morning she ran away from home when her aunt and uncle were having breakfast. She ran away into the woods.
Then she saw a little cottage. She knocked but no one answered so she went inside and fell asleep.
Meanwhile, the seven dwarfs were coming home from work. They went inside. There they found Snow White sleeping. Then Snow White woke up. She saw the dwarfs. The dwarfs said, “What’s your name?” Snow White said, “My name is Snow White.”
Doc, one of the dwarfs said, “If you wish, you may live here with us.” Snow White said, “Oh could I? Thank you.” Then Snow White told the dwarfs the whole story and Snow White and the seven dwarfs lived happily ever after.

bahasa inggris

Passive Voice

What this handout is about

This handout will help you understand what the passive voice is, why many professors and writing instructors frown upon it, and how you can revise your paper to achieve greater clarity. Some things here may surprise you. We hope this handout will help you to understand the passive voice and allow you to make more informed choices as you write.

bahasa inggris

Direct and Indirect Speech

When using indirect or reported speech, the form changes. Usually indirect speech is introduced by the verb said, as in I said, Bill said, or they said. Using the verb say in this tense, indicates that something was said in the past. In these cases, the main verb in the reported sentence is put in the past. If the main verb is already in a past tense, then the tense changes to another past tense; it can almost be seen as moving even further into the past.

Verb tense changes also characterize other situations using indirect speech. Note the changes shown in the chart and see the table below for examples. With indirect speech, the use of that is optional.

Direct Speech	Þ	Indirect Speech
simple present He said, “I go to school every day.”	Þ	simple past He said (that) he went to school every day.
simple past He said, “I went to school every day.”	Þ	past perfect He said (that) he had gone to school every day.
present perfect He said, “I have gone to school every day.”	Þ	past perfect He said (that) he had gone to school every day.
present progressive He said, “I am going to school every day.”	Þ	past progressive He said (that) he was going to school every day.
past progressive He said, “I was going to school every day.”	Þ	perfect progressive He said (that) he had been going to school every day,
future (will) He said, “I will go to school every day.”	Þ	would + verb name He said (that) he would go to school every day.
future (going to) He said, “I am going to school every day.”	Þ	present progressive He said (that) he is going to school every day.
		past progressive He said (that) he was going to school every day
Direct Speech	Þ	Indirect Speech
auxiliary + verb name He said, “Do you go to school every day?” He said, “Where do you go to school?”	Þ	simple past He asked me if I went to school every day.* He asked me where I went to school.
imperative He said, “Go to school every day.”	Þ	infinitive He said to go to school every day.

*Note than when a Yes/No question is being asked in direct speech, then a construction with if or whether is used. If a WH question is being asked, then use the WH to introduce the clause. Also note that with indirect speech, these are examples of embedded questions. The situation changes if instead of the common said another part of the very to say is used. In that case the verb tenses usually remain the same. Some examples of this situation are given below.

Direct Speech	Þ	Indirect Speech
simple present + simple present He says, “I go to school every day.”	Þ	simple present + simple present He says (that) he goes to school every day.
present perfect + simple present He has said, “I go to school every day.”	Þ	present perfect + simple present He has said (that) he goes to school every day.
past progressive + simple past He was saying, “I went to school every day.”	Þ	past progressive + simple past He was saying (that) he went to school every day.
		past progressive + past perfect He was saying (that) he had gone to school every day.
future + simple present He will say, “I go to school every day.”	Þ	future + simple present He will say (that) he goes to school every day.

Another situation is the one in which modal constructions are used. If the verb said is used, then the form of the modal, or another modal that has a past meaning is used.

Direct Speech	Þ	Indirect Speech
can He said, “I can go to school every day.”	Þ	could He said (that) he could go to school every day.
may He said, “I may go to school every day.”	Þ	might He said (that) he might go to school every day.
might He said, “I might go to school every day.”
must He said, “I must go to school every day.”	Þ	had to He said (that) he had to go to school every day.
have to He said, “I have to go to school every day.”
should He said, “I should go to school every day.”	Þ	should He said (that) he should go to school every day.
ought to He said, “I ought to go to school every day.”	Þ	ought to He said (that) he ought to go to school every day.

While not all of the possibilities have been listed here, there are enough to provide examples of the main rules governing the use of indirect or reported speech. For other situations, try to extrapolate from the examples here, or better still, refer to a good grammar text or reference book.

bahasa inggris

adjevtive clause
The Adjective Clause
Recognize an adjective clause when you see one.

An adjective clause—also called an adjectival or relative clause—will meet three requirements:

* First, it will contain a subject and verb.

Bahasa Inggris

BAHASA INGGRIS
Modal Verb Tutorial
Modals are special verbs which behave very irregularly in English. Englishpage.com has created one of the most in-depth modal tutorials in print or online. Study the modal explanations and complete the associated exercises and take another step toward English fluency. If you want to use the Modal Verb Tutorial as a reference only and do not want to complete the tutorial Click Here .
The tutorial should be completed as follows:
1. Read this introduction page including the section below titled "What are Modal Verbs?"
2. Complete the exercises below. After each exercise, we have listed the modals covered. Just click on the modal link to learn more about its use.
EXERCISES TOPICS COVERED
Modal Exercise 1 Can , Could , Have to , Must , Might and Should
Modal Exercise 2 Have to and Must
Modal Exercise 3 Might , Must and Should . Afterwards, you can repeat the exercise using Could , Have to and Ought to
Modal Exercise 4 Couldn't and Might not
Modal Exercise 5 Have got to , Had Better , May and Shall
Modal Exercise 6 Could , Might , Should and Would
Modal Exercise 7 Modal Verbs Forms
Modal Final Test Cumulative Modal Test
What are Modal Verbs?
Modal verbs are special verbs which behave very differently from normal verbs. Here are some important differences:
1. Modal verbs do not take "-s" in the third person.
Examples:

* He can speak Chinese.
* She should be here by 9:00.

2. You use "not" to make modal verbs negative, even in Simple Present and Simple Past.
Examples:

* He should not be late.
* They might not come to the party.

3. Many modal verbs cannot be used in the past tenses or the future tenses.
Examples:

* He will can go with us. Not Correct
* She musted study very hard. Not Correct

Common Modal Verbs
Can
Could
May
Might
Must Ought to
Shall
Should
Will
Would
For the purposes of this tutorial, we have included some expressions which are not modal verbs including had better, have to, and have got to. These expressions are closely related to modals in meaning and are often interchanged with them.